• Identification: When a person comes to the exact spot of the accident and observed the accident is very important that you identify. You must do talking, are aware or not, a strong voice but it generates calm. Can hand touch or shoulder of the victim to notice our presence further. La reacción en una persona que presenta heridas o traumatismo es muy positiva ya que posiblemente increase the degree of security and protection, dependiendo del estado de shock o de consciencia de la misma.

• Collaboration: Broadcasting peace, should ask the victim to cooperate with us and follow all directions that we give so that things can be done in the best possible way. We explain the reason for the prevention and make the right words to understand the benefits of performance “joint”.

• Distraction: The rugged forget, for a moment, the events and focus entirely on the current. We need help in this task by asking the name, where it is or profession. Help but wonder family since we do not know whether the crash have also been involved. Likewise, not add anything that may damage the emotional state of the injured como por ejemplo hablar con otro colaborador de la situación estando presente la víctima o llamar a los familiares para decir cómo se encuentra.

• Attention: Hear all the time what it says or says the victim. More than anything, because we will know if evolving positively and provide clues about what happens (sometimes can not be observed externally), or, que la víctima tengo una evolución a peor.

• Help: If they go the emergency services, sometimes, will be asked to cooperate and accompany the injured because the person who has attended more or created a close link where the person builds their confidence. This greatly facilitates the recovery of the victim, especially in its psychological recovery.

What should never be in an accident situation?

• Noise: The cries, anxiety and any altered nerve can aggravate victim status if we see or hear us. If one is not able to communicate in an accident not to do, but must comply with the Protocolo NOT, warning and fulfilling obligations required by the Act relief. At least 2 the steps are very important and no requieren un contacto con el accidentado are: alert the emergency services and ensure the crash site of future dangers, sobretodo en la carretera.

• Diagnosis: No evidence, and without being able to do so, we can never make a diagnosis of any kind and particularly rugged comunicárselo al. Be very prudent Despite some signs that we recognize. If the base has involved training health staff is first aid or, can practice First Aid if the situation requires it, but never make a diagnosis and communicate it to medical. They, from the information that we bring, ya determinarán con una segunda valoración lo que le pasa realmente a la víctima.

• Culpability: At the time that has passed the accident, can not blame the victim live in case of AIDS this that has caused (ahogamientos, rainfall, car or motorcycle accidents, etc.…). Of these issues will be commissioned Justice, no es nuestra responsabilidad.

• Fears: Already an accident is a plight causing a terrifying fear. It is normal, scare the victim or shouting will not help, worse, may suffer panic attack o incluso no colaborar en su progreso agravando la situación en la que se encuentra.

• Heat
• Microfiltración
• Chemical Procedures

Water Disinfection Techniques using heat

El heat applied when boiled water is a reliable method. The only thing we take into account, especially for hikers and climbers, is that water at higher altitudes, water boils at a lower temperature, therefore be taken into account the boiling time to kill completely cysts, bacteria and viruses que se encuentren en el líquido.

The worst thing about this is that is not easy to handle, rather long and cumbersome since it must also carry the stove or cylinder. To save fuel and time using the pressure cooker but it is still another element to take. Then, is a orientation table de la relación entre altura y temperatura de ebullición del agua.

Water disinfection techniques using microfilters

La microfiltración is a method capable of removing water Giardia bacteria and effectively, although the pores are small enough to trap virus, so the filtered water deberá de ser tratada químicamente.

Today, being marketed microfiltros con diámetros tan pequeños que son capaces de retener al virus de la hepatitis A y algunos de los que producen gastroenteritis.

The smallest filter Katadyn the company is marketed under the name Katadyn Mini:

• Size of cysts of Giardia: 6,0 micrómetros
• Size of most common bacteria in water: 0,3 – 1,5 micrómetros
• Size of virus: 0,004 – 0,06 micrómetros
• Pore ​​size Katadyn Mini Filter: 0,2 micrómetros

Los ceramic filters large size are preferred for use in underdeveloped populations since remove cysts and eggs effectively. Once you have filtered, el agua se trata químicamente aunque no requiere dosis elevadas de desinfectante ya que gran parte de los elementos perjudiciales ya han sido eliminados.

Water disinfection techniques using produces chemicals

Systems chemical disinfection are the most reliable, simple and quick. As for the price, based systems only chlorine and / or iodine are the most economical. In Europe also uses the silver salts as water treatment agent and the silver work effectively against gram-negative bacteria, Gram positive, fungi and yeasts. La colloidal silver not directly kill microorganisms, but interferes with the enzymes that deal with processes “breathing” of these, causing death within minutes. Domestically, o bien, often used in small towns painted ceramic filters with solutions of silver or that the pottery is made of clay and colloidal silver has been deposited on it. With respect to chlorine, we will talk later, silver:

• It has less toxic than chlorine
• Need less to achieve the same effect as chlorine
• It has a very high bactericidal power
• In addition to painting or impregnated ceramic filters, can be added directly to water (its solubility is not very fast)

Using bleach to disinfect water

El chlorine has a documented efficacy in time to disinfect contaminated water. Most municipalities developed countries utilizan este sistema para la desinfección y potabilización del agua.

Su disinfectant must be constantly monitored since their effectiveness depends on Water pH. Therefore, in alkaline water chlorine loses its effectiveness and drastically reduces its activity as a disinfectant. The presence of nitrogenous organic matter activity also decreases as the chlorine combines with ammonium ions and forms chloramines with amino acids. These cloraminas actúan de forma poco segura y se eliminan lentamente.

Another thing to consider is that Chlorine is a very unstable compound and slower than the iodine in time for disinfection, so you do not actually do a good candidate for Travellers disinfection or hikers. Many years ago, the product comerical Halazone se utilizaba para desinfectar aguas ya que liberaba cloro poco a poco pero no de una forma eficaz por lo que se dejó de fabricar.

Another product that contains chlorine is bleach. Although marketed for other purposes if you have tried to use as drinking water disinfectant but with little success. ¿Por qué? It seems that the agitation or movement of the product causes the release of chlorine and falls and antimicrobial activity. If you are a hiker, more often it is that transport the container in a suitcase or backpack inevitably move to stop the by the way. Its use, therefore, no está recomendado además de no poder ajustar una dosis de seguridad para considerar las pérdidas de cloro.

The use of Calcium hypochlorite is the most reliable method exists. Really what it produces is a chlorination or supercloración Environmental, leaving an excess amount of chlorine is not necessary to disinfect. Given this amount in the water, preventing any change in pH and prevents the formation of chloramines. Later, as has been carried out total disinfection, the excess chlorine is removed by adding a concentrated dose of hydrogen peroxide o agua oxigenada.

To cause the water chlorination, Calcium hypochlorite is added as follows:

• 27 – 35 g of calcium hypochlorite for 4 L water.

Comes to approximately 6-7 g of calcium hypochlorite per liter of water. As more liters are added, we add hypochlorite. The result is water with a strong chlorine smell debido a la alta concentración de gas.

Ahora, to kill all organisms, will be necessary control the temperature of water and wait a while Prudential:

• 10 minutos – 30 minutes (A warmer temperature, processes are performed faster and chlorination remove microorganisms long before so that ten minutes are enough).

Once, has waited long for safe disposal and disinfection will be added a certain amount of concentrated hydrogen peroxide to remove the excess chlorine:

• 6 drops of hydrogen peroxide (H202) or hydrogen peroxide 30% each 4 litros de agua

The peroxide will kill the unmistakable smell of chlorine and possibly form a small foamy layer, pero esto es normal.

Evidently, this procedure is recommended for the treatment of large quantities of water (20 – 50 litros de agua), so we have not insisted on a formula for a liter of water is normally carried in the traveler's backpack in a bottle or canteen. ¿Por qué? Because the use of this system in smaller amounts of water can cause burns to people due to hydrogen peroxide. For water in small doses is better than other methods such as iodine-based techniques or use of water puriWhyablets.

Use of iodine for water disinfection

El yodo, as chlorine, is also capable of reliably disinfect contaminated water and regular. Su effectiveness has already been demonstrated and documented many times. Some things be taken into account in relation to iodine are:

• La purification is faster than chlorine (hasta 2 the 3 times)
• Presents high strength organic products (chlorine to form chloramines was easily)
• Remains active in a wider range of pH (chlorine was unstable at basic pH and lost property)
• 8 mg of iodine parasites are sufficient to disinfect, bacteria, cysts and viruses in 1 litro de aguas transparent for 10 minutos.
• 0,5 mg are already enough so destroy microorganisms (the excess 8 mg / l is used to remove the cyst forms because they are the most resistant) en 10 minutos.
• With a water temperature located between 0º C and 5 º C iodine activity is slower, so the time for action should be increased to 20 minutos.
• For the transparent waters in muddy waters, need to double the concentration (hasta 16mg/l), o bien, aumentar el tiempo de contacto.

  El water treated with iodine leaves a nasty taste for some people so frequently be masked with artificial flavors after the disinfection process (contact time has been completed). Artificial flavors can be a disadvantage since some of them contain ascorbic acid in composition, el cuál es capaz de reaccionar con el yodo y disminuir su capacidad desinfectante.

  El excess iodine para la desinfección del agua, can be treated with sodium thiosulfate sodium iodide which causes a dull and devoid of antiorial activity. También, water can be filtered through activated carbon (it adsorb iodine and some microorganisms).

  La best for disinfection is to use lower doses, for example half of the established, and increase the contact time to double. Example: 4Iodine mg 1 liter of water for 20 minutos.

  De todas formas, should consider some Adverse reactions produced by this halogen are irritant effects as gastrointestinal (if there is too much concentration) or risk to produce functional changes in Thyroid. That is why, people affected by thyroid to perform disinfection clasminutesethod of filtering water y después clorarla.

  With normal thyroid function can be consumed water disinfected with a concentration of 8 mg / l for several months and have no problem. Las pregnant women can tolerate thwater disinfectionn doubt, You should consult with a healthcare professional. Exceeding the month drinking water disinfected with iodine is better to incorporate a pre-filtration system and eliminate microorganisms that using lower doses 0,5 – 1 mg/l. Asñi evitaremos el riesgo de desarrollar bocío en un futuro.

  What is iodine-based disinfectants can be used to disinfect water?

  • Povidone Iodine: The best known and most traditional is the inclusion of 3-4 gotas de povidona yodada al 10% to disinfect water (see the article on water purification). Although many hikers have tried this method, it is not 100% Effective, por lo que es mejor dejar esta sustancia para su indicación real que es la antisepsia y curación de heridas.
  • Exchange resins:These resins are well together with iodine, so that by filtering water through a push system, microorganisms are filtered through the resin and come in contact with iodine being removed. El yodo, to remain in the resin, is released at very low doses so that no unpleasant taste usually perceived color nor. The downside is that if there is no indicator of how much iodine is, do not know the half-life of the resin and we may be filtering for other occasions without being completely disinfect. These systems are capable of filtering between 300 y 500 litros deiodinea aunque los filtros que se utilizan son muy frágiles.
  • Hidroperyoduro the tetraglicina: Is the component that is present in most water purification tablets or pills. When the tablet is dissolved in 1 liter of water can reach the iodine concentration established 8mg/l. They are comfortable. easy to use and allow for conservation for several months since they come presented in blisters for every occasion. Previously, stated “which can reach concentrations” and this is because when the tablet is dissolving in water, a loss of exposure to air hidroperyoduro. Namely, if the pill out of the blister pack will be less effective, even to be 100% ineffective in case of exceeding several weeks. La humidity also increases the degradation reaction hidroperyoduro. How can you check this? There is no accurate method to verify that the pills are doing their effect, but there's clearly evident is that between 7 y 8 mg/l de concentración el agua adquiere un color semi-oscuro o pardo totalmente visible.
  • Kahn-Solving Vissher: In a system invented in the mid- 70 and allows disinfect water with a saturated solution of iodine. Son 2 a 8 g of iodine crystals resublimed placed in a 30cc glass jar (30 ml) transparent and with a Bakelite cap lined with paper. Posteriomente, the bottle is filled with water to volume, was stirred vigorously and let stand about 60 minutes to form the saturated solution. Ahora, already completed the solution, discharged 15 ml (half of the bottle) in one liter of water reaching a concentration of iodine 8-9 mg/l, which is relatively standard iodine-based disinfection. After, and while there are crystals in the bottom of the bottle, can be re-filled water for next use. Despite being a very effective technique, has had its controversy as there is a risk that iodine crystals are decanted at the bottom of the bottle into the water disinfection causing a significant increase in the concentration and toxicity of iodine intake. Another disadvantage of this method is that the bottle, glass being 8 (and necessarily must be made of glass), can freeze in the mounTheins mg / ln areas of extreItscold. De todas formas, this method is recommended para expediciones con dilatada experiencia y usuarios muy bien informaNowobre el procedimiento en cuestión.
  • Tintura de Yodo: Is the most internationalized, known and readily available. The solution USP Standard tincture of iodine is composed of: 2% Iodine y 2,4% sodium iodide in ethanol 50%. The single biggest asset is iodine, since iodide does not have antimicrobial actAnywaybe said, announced that there are trade shows in “Tintura de Yodo” but do not have the 2% iodiTincture of Iodine by the pharmacopoeia. También,we discussed earlier is popularly used 3-4 povidone-iodine drops 1 litro de agua. Well, with iodine tincture is advisable to perform measurements with a syringe and NOT adding drops until the water turns dark (which means that it is reaching the desired concentration). There syringes with the numbering of the exact amount that is being used. How much should be used? 0,4 cc (ml) of tincture 2% iodandne given in 1 liter of water an iodine concetración 8mg / l. In contrast to the Kahn-Visscher solution, iodine tincture is not frozen but should be kept in glass jars. It can be purchased inAlsoies but at low concentrations. La alternativa actual es la solución alcohólica de yodo.
  • Alcoholic solution of iodine: This solution has a liter of water of 95% iodine and is used to disinfect a large volume of water. To disinfect only 1 liter of water is only necessary to use 0,1 cc (ml) concentrated solution. To 20 litros de agua, then employed 2 cc (ml) Solution. To possess alcohol, does not freeze in extreme conditioncc There products marketed alcoholic solution based on this. Es una de las que menos desventajas presenta.

  Processes reverse osmosis and application of Ozone as water purifmlation methods are explained in the previous article: “Water Purification”.

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  La contaminación de las aguas residuales es cada vez mayor y su tendencia sigue creciendo. The medidas de higiene en países subdesarrollados no son lo suficientemente seguras para abastecer al viajero de agua potable en la mayoría de ocasiones. Algunos países no han sido capaces de construir todavía un sistema de abastecimiento de aguas y alcantarillado que dejen el agua excluida de la contaminación y no perjudique a la preparación de comida o la bebida de animales y seres humanos.

  Es entonces cuando el viajero de perfil excursionista o incluso una población pequeña en zonas de suministro de aguas poco seguro decide llevar a cabo por el o ellos  mismos un sistema de desinfección de aguas que cumpla los siguientes requisitos:

  • Pequeño y ligero (no debe implicar ninguna dificultad en su transporte)
  • Rápido y seguro (si no asegura su función al 100% es mejor evitarlo)
  • Simple

  El problema surge cuando desconocemos los procesos que deben llevarse a cabo para desinfectar completamente el agua. Sometimes, incluso viendo el agua como pasa de turbia a clara, mucha gente la consume creyendo que ya está fuera de contaminación y esto no es así.

  Now, el objetivo de la desinfección del agua debe ser claro y consiste en la eliminación de todos los microorganismos que se encuentren en ella capaces de originar una enfermedad en las personas. Esto no ocurre con grandes cantidades de agua ya que es prácticamente imposible controlar el proceso con exactitud y requiere muchísimos recursos, pero si que funciona cuando la desinfección se realiza con pequeñas cantidades de agua.

  ¿Cuáles son los microorganismos que deben ser eliminados?

  • Parásitos: Tienen un tamaño grande. Algunos de ellos son muy conocidos como las Giardias o las amebas, causantes de la diarrea del viajero, y que son organismos unicelulares. Si los parásitos conforman organismos multicelulares entonces se deben considerar los gusanos. Tanto de los unicelulares como el resto, debemos tener en cuenta que suelen excretarse a las aguas cuando ya han completado su ciclo en el huésped. Algunos están en forma de quiste resistente como las giardias, y otros como los gusanos en forma de huevos.
  • Bacterias: Su tamaño es más pequeño que el de los parásitos pero no tanto como el de los virus. Están muy presentes en las heces y la materia fecal, y son capaces de producir un amplio abanico de enfermedades, llegando algunas de ellas a ser mortales.
  • Virus: Son las formas más pequeñas que existen y más difíciles de eliminar. También son culpables de muchas enfermedades incluida la diarrea del viajero o la hepatitis A que proviene de la contaminación fecal de las aguas. También la hepatitis E se puede trasmitir a través del agua y afecta sobretodo a la mujer embarazada.
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